The Loopholes of the Montreal Protocol on the Substances...

Climate Change is one of the chief problems that the world is struggling right now. It is estimated that every decade, the world’s temperature is increasing by 1 ºC and this phenomenon is called global warming. An evident example of global warming is the melting of the polar ice caps. Compare to the past hundred years, the size of the polar ice caps has reduced which resulted to the rise of the sea levels and eventually destroying the homes of those people living near the seaside. Another consequence is the increasing number of dangerous typhoons. A typhoon starts from a low pressure area in the oceans and because the temperature of the water is increasing due to global warming, more low pressure areas are formed. Next, another effect of global warming is the widespread extinction of some animals. Many animals in the Arctic and Antarctic region have migrated to other places but some of them cannot stand the heat and they died. While under the sea, many fishes have also been extinct because the coral reefs have been destroyed in the process called coral bleaching. Lastly, a common evidence of global warming is the failure of cultivated crops. Many lands have dried up and have fissures because there is no water left especially on the season of El Nià ±o which lead to hunger and increase in demand of food. The Ozone Layer is a region in the Earth’s stratosphere which serves as a protective layer against the sun’s ultraviolet rays and prevents the escape of oxygen (O2) from theShow MoreRelated Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay5822 Words   |  24 PagesOzone and Global Environmental Politics A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly dangerous to all the organisms within the Earths ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects the immune system, and harms plant and animal lifeRead MoreIncome Tax Project16162 Words   |  65 Pagesof the law and pays no tax or pays minimum tax. Tax avoidance is therefore legal and frequently resorted to. In any tax avoidance exercise, the attempt is always to exploit a loophole in the law. A transaction is artificially made to appear as falling squarely in the loophole and thereby minimize the tax. In India, loopholes in the law, when detected by the tax authorities, tend to be plugged by an amendment in the law, too often retrospectively. Hence tax avoidance though legal, is no t long lasting

Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric...

CP4001: ANALYTICAL amp; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY | | Formal Report of the Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis (Experiment 4) | Maryjo Lee Wei Min 1111107 DBS/FT/1A/01 | (A) Synopsis The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate by gravimetric analysis. This determination consists of slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride to a hot, unknown sulphate solution which is slightly acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate will formed and is then filtered off, washed with deionised water, dried in the oven and weighed as barium sulphate. The percentage of sulphate is calculated from the weight of barium sulphate. (B) Objective The purpose of the†¦show more content†¦F) Test for complete precipitation by adding a few drops of barium chloride to clear the supernatant liquid. 2) Washing and Filtration of Barium Sulphate Precipitation A) Pre-weigh a crucible. Ensure that the crucible has a filter paper that covers the base of the crucible completely. B) Decant the clear supernatant liquid by filtration at the vacuum pump into the crucible. C) Use a ‘rubber-policeman’ to dislodge any particles on the beaker, and then rinse the beaker with warm deionised water. Empty the contents into the crucible while the vacuum pump is at work. D) Further wash the precipitate with warm, deionised water at the vacuum pump twice more. E) Discard the filtrate. 3) Drying and Weighing of Barium Sulphate Precipitate A) Dry the crucible with the barium sulphate precipitate in the oven at 150 °C for about 30 minutes. B) Cool the crucible in a desiccator for about 10 minutes. C) Weigh the crucible when it has cooled down. D) The difference between this weight and the empty crucible (including the filter paper) is the weight of the barium sulphate precipitate. (E) Results and Calculations Weight of crucible with the precipitate: 14.0996 g Weight of crucible (with piece of filter paper): 13.9030 g ∠´ Weight of barium sulphate precipitate: 0.1966 g Ba2+ + SO42- ------------- BaSO4 (Moles of SO42-)/(Moles of BaSO4 ) =Show MoreRelatedQuantitative Determination of Sulphate By Gravimetric Analysis1637 Words   |  7 PagesCP4001) EXPERIMENT 4: QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS FORMAL REPORT NAME: CHIA KOK SIONG ADMIN NO: 1027325 CLASS: DFST/FT/2B/21 ï ¿ ½ SYNOPSIS The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by gravimetric analysis. The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4, by gravimetric analysis. For the experiment, a dilute solution of barium chloride was slowly added to a hot unknown sulphate solution slightly acidifiedRead MoreQuantitative Determination of Sulfate by Gravimetric Analysis2004 Words   |  9 PagesQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis 2. Objective 3. Theory 3.1: Summary 3.2: Technique 3.3: Chemicals 3.4: Instruments 4. Procedures 4.1: Precipitation of BaSOâ‚„ 4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 5. Results and Calculations 6. Discussions 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Synopsis: This report is written about determiningRead MoreAnalytical Chemistri Intro1796 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical Chemistry I 1 Course Outlines ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" LU1 :Analytical Chemistry Overview LU2: Measurements and Data Treatment LU3: Stoichiometric Calculations LU4: General Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium LU5: Gravimetric Methods LU6: Acid-Base Equilibria LU7: Acid-base titrations LU8: Analytical Separations Course Assessment Laboratory reports (15%) ï‚â€" Assignments (15%) ï‚â€" MidTerm Examination (30%) ï‚â€" Final Examination (40%) ï‚â€" 3 References 1. Christian, G.D. (2003)Read MoreBiodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida4958 Words   |  20 PagesStrain 5.3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5.4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5.5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil 5.6 Biodegradation Studies 5.7 Gravimetric Analysis 6. Results 6.1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6.2 Gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil spills have become a serious problem with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakageRead MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 Pagesdifferent water quality parameters due to season change, i.e. dry and wet season 4. To assess the heavy metal contamination of the sediment of the Turag River 5. To analyze the Sediment quality of the river bed 6. Comparison of the data analysis according to different national and international standards If the sources of major waste disposal outlets into the Turag River can be taken care of, it is firmly expected that the river can get relieve from pollution to a great extent. So, it Quantitative Determination of Sulphate By Gravimetric... ANALYTICAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ( CP4001) EXPERIMENT 4: QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS FORMAL REPORT NAME: CHIA KOK SIONG ADMIN NO: 1027325 CLASS: DFST/FT/2B/21 ï ¿ ½ SYNOPSIS The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by gravimetric analysis. The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4, by gravimetric analysis. For the experiment, a dilute solution of barium chloride was slowly added to a hot unknown sulphate solution slightly acidified with concentrated HCl. The precipitate is then filtered off by suction filtration, washed with water and dried in the oven at 150 degree Celsius for about half an hour and cooled in the desiccator, and†¦show more content†¦Cooling the precipitate in the desiccator is to prevent the capture of moisture in the outside air as the desiccator controls the level of humidity in it while the precipitate cools down. For the weighing of the crucible, it is done in a closed balance, so that it can measure a very accurate weight of the collected sulphate. ï ¿ ½ PROCEDURES PRECIPITATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE 25mL of the given sulphate solution was pipette into a 250mL beaker. 50mL of water and 5 drops of concentrated HCl was added. The solution was heated till boiling and vigorously stirred. 10mL of 10% barium chloride solution was added drop wise from a measuring cylinder. The beaker was covered with a watch glass and digested for 20 minutes. A few drops of barium chloride was add to the clear supernatant liquid to test for complete precipitation. WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE The filter paper was positioned to cover the entire base of the crucible completely. The clear supernatant solution was decanted by filtration into the pre-weighed crucible with filter paper. A rubber-policeman was used to dislodge any particles on the beaker and the beaker was rinsed with warm deionised water. The contents were emptied into the crucible while the vacuum pump was still at work. The precipitate was further washed with warm deionised water at the vacuum pump two more times. The filtrate was discarded. WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE The crucibleShow MoreRelatedQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis1582 Words   |  7 PagesCP4001: ANALYTICAL amp; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY | | Formal Report of the Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis (Experiment 4) | Maryjo Lee Wei Min 1111107 DBS/FT/1A/01 | (A) Synopsis The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate by gravimetric analysis. This determination consists of slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride to a hot, unknown sulphate solution which is slightly acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A whiteRead MoreQuantitative Determination of Sulfate by Gravimetric Analysis2004 Words   |  9 PagesQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis 2. Objective 3. Theory 3.1: Summary 3.2: Technique 3.3: Chemicals 3.4: Instruments 4. Procedures 4.1: Precipitation of BaSOâ‚„ 4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 5. Results and Calculations 6. Discussions 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Synopsis: This report is written about determiningRead MoreAnalytical Chemistri Intro1796 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical Chemistry I 1 Course Outlines ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" LU1 :Analytical Chemistry Overview LU2: Measurements and Data Treatment LU3: Stoichiometric Calculations LU4: General Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium LU5: Gravimetric Methods LU6: Acid-Base Equilibria LU7: Acid-base titrations LU8: Analytical Separations Course Assessment Laboratory reports (15%) ï‚â€" Assignments (15%) ï‚â€" MidTerm Examination (30%) ï‚â€" Final Examination (40%) ï‚â€" 3 References 1. Christian, G.D. (2003)Read MoreBiodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida4958 Words   |  20 PagesStrain 5.3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5.4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5.5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil 5.6 Biodegradation Studies 5.7 Gravimetric Analysis 6. Results 6.1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6.2 Gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil spills have become a serious problem with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakageRead MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 Pagesdifferent water quality parameters due to season change, i.e. dry and wet season 4. To assess the heavy metal contamination of the sediment of the Turag River 5. To analyze the Sediment quality of the river bed 6. Comparison of the data analysis according to different national and international standards If the sources of major waste disposal outlets into the Turag River can be taken care of, it is firmly expected that the river can get relieve from pollution to a great extent. So, it

Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth Free Essays

Macbeth, written by English playwright William Shakespeare, is a fictional play set during a deep Christian era, which focuses heavily on the life of Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. Consistently throughout the play, a number of critical issues and themes are explored and reiterated with the clever use of language techniques and setting. On analysis of the patterns these themes and issues present, the responder is able to recognise a number of insights into the complex structure of human life and emotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, through investigation of Shakespeare’s time and audience, we can further understand the context of these insights and how they relate to present day. Ambition is essentially a positive human emotion, however it maintains the ability to manipulate personal decision and influence cause of action. Throughout the play, the power and control of ambition is notably the most crucial element in the development of the plot, and provides a fundamental insight into the manner human emotions operate. To begin Macbeth is initially portrayed as a noble and decent character before meeting the three witches. He is considered loyal to his king and is highly respected amongst his soldiers, â€Å"For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—†. Shakespeare characterises this dignified Macbeth through the use of powerful emotive language such as â€Å"worthy gentle men† and â€Å"valiant cousin†. However, upon meeting the witches and hearing the utterance of their prophecy â€Å"All hail king thereafter†, ambition begins to consume him, initiating his mental downfall. Shakespeare emphasises the effect of ambition over Macbeth when he contrasts the once heroic character as â€Å"deceitful, false, avaricious and malicious†. Not only to we see the controlling effect of ambition on Macbeth, but rather it is his wife who begins wild dreams of limitless control as ambition reveals a darker side of human nature. Lady Macbeth, constricted by this dark desire for power, aggressively persuades Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. We see Macbeth use ambition as a justification to himself when he declares â€Å"Vaulting ambition, which o’er leaps itself and falls on the other â€Å". Shakespeare’s inclusion of the term â€Å"vaulting ambition† demonstrates and emphasises the influence ambition can dictate over human action. Such wild ambition is presented in Macbeth’s soliloquy and metaphor â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow†, which implies its inevitable and detrimental nature. Macbeth allows the responder to identify the manipulative nature and control ambition can hold over human emotion. It is through Shakespeare’s clever characterisation and use of language techniques that we can analyse the natural process of human emotion and how ambition can act as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. As such, we establish a key insight into the impact of ambition on human emotion and the destructive and unethical behaviour that can result. In Macbeth, the Elizabethan world view and perception of natural order greatly influences the complex mechanics of the play. Shakespeare writes in a time where God’s order was assigned to all aspects of life, from kings to nobles, husband to wife, and men to women. If the natural order was altered, God would become displeased and society and nature would distort until order was inevitably returned to its natural state. The subversion of nature is presented consistently throughout Macbeth; in the tyranny and vicious nature of Macbeth, and also in the ambiguous and abnormal gender profile demonstrated by Lady Macbeth. The corruption of the natural order in Scotland commences upon Macbeth’s act of regicide and unjust ascension to kingship. Shakespeare effectively communicates the impact of such unnatural events through the use of powerful natural imagery. Subsequent to Macbeth’s murder of Duncan, Dunsinane is engulfed in a violent weather of storms and ferocious winds. Lenox describes the evening as, â€Å"The night has been unruly. Where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down and, as they say, Lamentings heard i’ th’ air† This use of symbolic imagery portrays how Scotland has been overwhelmed by sin. Lady Macbeth further provokes the unsettling of natural order when she begins to plot against the King. At this time, we see her gender ambiguity provoked when she exclaims â€Å"unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty†. Macbeth become more passive as she begins to assume a more masculine role, and therefore, is subverting the Elizabeth natural order by denying her femininity. In the Elizabethan era, such an unstable and disturbed world was toxic. Inevitably we see the death of Macbeth and his wife as they succumb to the consequence of their actions. Order is finally restored to the land following Malcolm’s proper ascension to the throne, highlighting the significance of correct order and hierarchy to the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s crucial involvement of natural order and God’s will is a powerful inclusion in the play. Through the use of powerful imagery and contrast, Shakespeare allows us to develop an insight into the importance of maintaining correct social order and the consequences of challenging it. In Macbeth, a number of key characters make decisions that result in harsh consequences. Shakespeare allows us to identify the connection between sinful actions and the subsequent guilt and consequence. Within the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both totally consumed by guilt. Upon committing regicide, Shakespeare highlights the overriding guilt of their actions through the use of symbolic imagery. The image of blood is consistently repeated throughout the play and symbolises the unrelenting guilt staining the couple â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? † This is further demonstrated in Act 5 Scene 1, where Lady Macbeth’s mental depreciation and thriving guilt is highlighted when she is presented with the illusion of bloodstained hands as she sleep walks in the night, â€Å"all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Shakespeare also utilises setting well in many of the scenes to represent the evil pervading within the play and around the couple. Images of darkness and night help create this evil setting for the sin committed by Macbeth and his wife, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires†. Macbeth allows us to establish an understanding of the consequences of a person’s action and the subsequent guilt that follows. Accordingly, we are provided with an insight into the role of choices in human emotion and how a regrettable decision can bring with it not only cruel consequence, but unforgiving guilt. Shakespeare’s Macbeth explores several critical issues pertaining to the process of human life and society. Macbeth reflects on human attitudes and reinforces the challenges of human behaviour. The play reiterates the consequences that are linked to sinful action and the guilt that follows, the importance of order and structure in society, and the impact of ambition as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. These issues provide us with key insights into the complex mechanics and structure of human emotion and society, enhancing our understanding of the play as a whole. How to cite Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Papers

Ectodermal Dysplasia Essay Example For Students

Ectodermal Dysplasia Essay In 1875, Charles Darwin found a new disorder that appeared in each generation of a family, affecting some of the male members and not others. This condition was more prominent in very young people. Darwin also found that the daughters were never affected although they could transmit the disease to their sons, although no males have ever transmitted the disease to their sons. Darwin started the research that led to the discovery of the gene for anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA).10In the early 1970’s, the EDA gene became one of the first gene linked to the X chromosome. An international team of scientists, led by Dr. Juha Kere of the University of Helsinki and Dr. Anand Srivastave from the University of Washington in St. Louis identified the location and the structure of the gene that causes the EDA disorder. The National Institute of Health, the National Institute of Dental Research, and the National Center for Human Genome Research helped sponsor this work at the National Institutes of Health. Scientists provided a molecular marker to identify female carriers of the disorder, and are a step closer to developing the therapeutic interventions to prevent or alleviate symptoms in affected individuals.2Still, very little is known about what occurs at the molecular level to produce the features of EDA. â€Å"Dysplasia† refers to the abnormal development of the tissues, skin, hair, sweat glands, nails, and teeth. The term â€Å"anhidrotic† refers to the underdevelopment or absence of sweat glands. This could be life threatening due to the fact that it prevents the body from cooling itself down during things like fevers or hot days. Of more than 150 different types of ectodermal dysplasia, mutations in the X chromosome account for about half of the cases. The â€Å"X linked† form of ectodermal dysplasia is associated with male children. Males have only a single X chromosome inherited from the mother, along with a Y chromosome from the father. So, males don’t have another X chromosome to cover up the infected genes. Women on the other hand, have two X chromosomes and are more likely to not show any symptoms of the abnormal gene. Two female patients with all the symptoms of X-linked EDA led Dr. Kere, Dr. Srivastave, and other colleagues to the discovery of this gene. Earlier work by Jonathan Zonana, identified an unusual chromosomal rearrangement in one of the girls. The X chromosome had been sheared in two, with one piece sticking to the end of chromosome 9 and the remainder forming a truncated X. A similar X translocation was identified by other investigators in the second girl. Although the break points occurred in slightly different locations, both destroyed the function of the EDA gene. This indicated that the breaks occurred within the region of the chromosome that contains the gene. In other disorders where X translocations have been identified as the cause, the normal X chromosome is inactivated, leaving no functional copy of the gene. The disorder is the same as it would be in males.7Several different studies following the inheritance pattern of the known genetic markers on the X chromosome have narr owed the position of the gene to a region called the â€Å"Xq12-q13.1† Once this region had been identified, the DNA sequences of genes needed to be studied.2In one of the studies, scientists identified a gene in the region of the X chromosome that contained the molecular code to produce a 135-amino acid protein. This protein has a structure compatible with a transmembrane molecule, a protein that is part of the cell membrane. The protein was detected in fetal tissues and certain types of adult skin cells that are consistent with the pathology of EDA. The function of this protein still remains unknown.2Before a fetus is large enough to be seen, a thin layer of cells covers the outside of the body. This layer of cells is known as the ectoderm. From this layer, skin, hair, nails, teeth nerve cells, sweat glands, parts of the eye, and parts of the ear are developed. Each of these things is then known as a ectodermal structure. There are many disorders that include one of these s tructures, and are not properly called ED. A combination of defects involving more than one of these structures, should be called ED. There are many different symptoms for ED and each combination of one or more symptoms are classified in its own category. The skin is lightly pigments and appears thin, and the surface of blood vessels may be visible. The skin around the eyes is wrinkled and the skin of the palms and soles of the feet may be thick. Some other symptoms for ED may include:Poorly functioning mucous membranesOther abnormalities of the ectodermFlat or depressed bridge of the noseMost individuals affected by ED cannot perspire. The sweat glands are absent, reduced in number, or may not function normally This complication causes high fevers which may, in the presence of illness, cause significant brain damage or death. The body isn’t able to regulate it’s temperature. Often the first clue that sweat glands are absent or are not functioning normally is an elevat ed temperature. Elevations in body temperature are often caused by high environmental temperatures, excessive activity, or heavy clothing. When the body temperature is elevated, the skin feels dry, hot and may be flushed or pale. Air conditioning in the home, school and work place is a necessity. Most people with ED have missing or no teeth. Dental treatment is ongoing, beginning with dentures as early as age two and perhaps dental implants thereafter. Teeth that are present are spaced out, tapered, and sometimes malformed. In some cases, the enamel (outer layer of skin) is defective and there may be a number of cavities. When teeth are missing, the jawbones that they are usually embedded to, don’t develop well. This usually leads to a typical aged appearance in the face. Counseling process1 EssayGene therapy is a new medical procedure that complements faulty a gene with a healthy or working gene. Gene therapy is working for the people that have tried it, but is still not widely available. Propose Treatments That Should Be InvestigatedNot much is currently known about what causes all the problems at the molecular level, but I would suggest that this be researched primarily. Treatments for the gradual destruction of the cornea of the eye and the possibility of potential blindness should be researched. Research could lead to medical treatment for this particular symptom, which is a devastating manifestation of the disease. Expression of the bone and tooth formation should also be further studied to know what happens to this particular gene when affected by ED and why it can’t function properly. There is a lot of research being done on ED currently. Finding the exact genes that are affected would assist scientists and researchers in finding a cure for ED. Bibliography: