The Loopholes of the Montreal Protocol on the Substances...

Climate Change is one of the chief problems that the world is struggling right now. It is estimated that every decade, the world’s temperature is increasing by 1 ºC and this phenomenon is called global warming. An evident example of global warming is the melting of the polar ice caps. Compare to the past hundred years, the size of the polar ice caps has reduced which resulted to the rise of the sea levels and eventually destroying the homes of those people living near the seaside. Another consequence is the increasing number of dangerous typhoons. A typhoon starts from a low pressure area in the oceans and because the temperature of the water is increasing due to global warming, more low pressure areas are formed. Next, another effect of global warming is the widespread extinction of some animals. Many animals in the Arctic and Antarctic region have migrated to other places but some of them cannot stand the heat and they died. While under the sea, many fishes have also been extinct because the coral reefs have been destroyed in the process called coral bleaching. Lastly, a common evidence of global warming is the failure of cultivated crops. Many lands have dried up and have fissures because there is no water left especially on the season of El Nià ±o which lead to hunger and increase in demand of food. The Ozone Layer is a region in the Earth’s stratosphere which serves as a protective layer against the sun’s ultraviolet rays and prevents the escape of oxygen (O2) from theShow MoreRelated Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay5822 Words   |  24 PagesOzone and Global Environmental Politics A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly dangerous to all the organisms within the Earths ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects the immune system, and harms plant and animal lifeRead MoreIncome Tax Project16162 Words   |  65 Pagesof the law and pays no tax or pays minimum tax. Tax avoidance is therefore legal and frequently resorted to. In any tax avoidance exercise, the attempt is always to exploit a loophole in the law. A transaction is artificially made to appear as falling squarely in the loophole and thereby minimize the tax. In India, loopholes in the law, when detected by the tax authorities, tend to be plugged by an amendment in the law, too often retrospectively. Hence tax avoidance though legal, is no t long lasting

Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric...

CP4001: ANALYTICAL amp; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY | | Formal Report of the Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis (Experiment 4) | Maryjo Lee Wei Min 1111107 DBS/FT/1A/01 | (A) Synopsis The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate by gravimetric analysis. This determination consists of slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride to a hot, unknown sulphate solution which is slightly acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate will formed and is then filtered off, washed with deionised water, dried in the oven and weighed as barium sulphate. The percentage of sulphate is calculated from the weight of barium sulphate. (B) Objective The purpose of the†¦show more content†¦F) Test for complete precipitation by adding a few drops of barium chloride to clear the supernatant liquid. 2) Washing and Filtration of Barium Sulphate Precipitation A) Pre-weigh a crucible. Ensure that the crucible has a filter paper that covers the base of the crucible completely. B) Decant the clear supernatant liquid by filtration at the vacuum pump into the crucible. C) Use a ‘rubber-policeman’ to dislodge any particles on the beaker, and then rinse the beaker with warm deionised water. Empty the contents into the crucible while the vacuum pump is at work. D) Further wash the precipitate with warm, deionised water at the vacuum pump twice more. E) Discard the filtrate. 3) Drying and Weighing of Barium Sulphate Precipitate A) Dry the crucible with the barium sulphate precipitate in the oven at 150 °C for about 30 minutes. B) Cool the crucible in a desiccator for about 10 minutes. C) Weigh the crucible when it has cooled down. D) The difference between this weight and the empty crucible (including the filter paper) is the weight of the barium sulphate precipitate. (E) Results and Calculations Weight of crucible with the precipitate: 14.0996 g Weight of crucible (with piece of filter paper): 13.9030 g ∠´ Weight of barium sulphate precipitate: 0.1966 g Ba2+ + SO42- ------------- BaSO4 (Moles of SO42-)/(Moles of BaSO4 ) =Show MoreRelatedQuantitative Determination of Sulphate By Gravimetric Analysis1637 Words   |  7 PagesCP4001) EXPERIMENT 4: QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS FORMAL REPORT NAME: CHIA KOK SIONG ADMIN NO: 1027325 CLASS: DFST/FT/2B/21 ï ¿ ½ SYNOPSIS The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by gravimetric analysis. The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4, by gravimetric analysis. For the experiment, a dilute solution of barium chloride was slowly added to a hot unknown sulphate solution slightly acidifiedRead MoreQuantitative Determination of Sulfate by Gravimetric Analysis2004 Words   |  9 PagesQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis 2. Objective 3. Theory 3.1: Summary 3.2: Technique 3.3: Chemicals 3.4: Instruments 4. Procedures 4.1: Precipitation of BaSOâ‚„ 4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 5. Results and Calculations 6. Discussions 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Synopsis: This report is written about determiningRead MoreAnalytical Chemistri Intro1796 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical Chemistry I 1 Course Outlines ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" LU1 :Analytical Chemistry Overview LU2: Measurements and Data Treatment LU3: Stoichiometric Calculations LU4: General Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium LU5: Gravimetric Methods LU6: Acid-Base Equilibria LU7: Acid-base titrations LU8: Analytical Separations Course Assessment Laboratory reports (15%) ï‚â€" Assignments (15%) ï‚â€" MidTerm Examination (30%) ï‚â€" Final Examination (40%) ï‚â€" 3 References 1. Christian, G.D. (2003)Read MoreBiodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida4958 Words   |  20 PagesStrain 5.3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5.4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5.5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil 5.6 Biodegradation Studies 5.7 Gravimetric Analysis 6. Results 6.1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6.2 Gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil spills have become a serious problem with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakageRead MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 Pagesdifferent water quality parameters due to season change, i.e. dry and wet season 4. To assess the heavy metal contamination of the sediment of the Turag River 5. To analyze the Sediment quality of the river bed 6. Comparison of the data analysis according to different national and international standards If the sources of major waste disposal outlets into the Turag River can be taken care of, it is firmly expected that the river can get relieve from pollution to a great extent. So, it Quantitative Determination of Sulphate By Gravimetric... ANALYTICAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ( CP4001) EXPERIMENT 4: QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS FORMAL REPORT NAME: CHIA KOK SIONG ADMIN NO: 1027325 CLASS: DFST/FT/2B/21 ï ¿ ½ SYNOPSIS The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by gravimetric analysis. The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4, by gravimetric analysis. For the experiment, a dilute solution of barium chloride was slowly added to a hot unknown sulphate solution slightly acidified with concentrated HCl. The precipitate is then filtered off by suction filtration, washed with water and dried in the oven at 150 degree Celsius for about half an hour and cooled in the desiccator, and†¦show more content†¦Cooling the precipitate in the desiccator is to prevent the capture of moisture in the outside air as the desiccator controls the level of humidity in it while the precipitate cools down. For the weighing of the crucible, it is done in a closed balance, so that it can measure a very accurate weight of the collected sulphate. ï ¿ ½ PROCEDURES PRECIPITATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE 25mL of the given sulphate solution was pipette into a 250mL beaker. 50mL of water and 5 drops of concentrated HCl was added. The solution was heated till boiling and vigorously stirred. 10mL of 10% barium chloride solution was added drop wise from a measuring cylinder. The beaker was covered with a watch glass and digested for 20 minutes. A few drops of barium chloride was add to the clear supernatant liquid to test for complete precipitation. WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE The filter paper was positioned to cover the entire base of the crucible completely. The clear supernatant solution was decanted by filtration into the pre-weighed crucible with filter paper. A rubber-policeman was used to dislodge any particles on the beaker and the beaker was rinsed with warm deionised water. The contents were emptied into the crucible while the vacuum pump was still at work. The precipitate was further washed with warm deionised water at the vacuum pump two more times. The filtrate was discarded. WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE The crucibleShow MoreRelatedQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis1582 Words   |  7 PagesCP4001: ANALYTICAL amp; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY | | Formal Report of the Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis (Experiment 4) | Maryjo Lee Wei Min 1111107 DBS/FT/1A/01 | (A) Synopsis The amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate by gravimetric analysis. This determination consists of slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride to a hot, unknown sulphate solution which is slightly acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A whiteRead MoreQuantitative Determination of Sulfate by Gravimetric Analysis2004 Words   |  9 PagesQuantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis 2. Objective 3. Theory 3.1: Summary 3.2: Technique 3.3: Chemicals 3.4: Instruments 4. Procedures 4.1: Precipitation of BaSOâ‚„ 4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSOâ‚„ Precipitate 5. Results and Calculations 6. Discussions 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Synopsis: This report is written about determiningRead MoreAnalytical Chemistri Intro1796 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical Chemistry I 1 Course Outlines ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" LU1 :Analytical Chemistry Overview LU2: Measurements and Data Treatment LU3: Stoichiometric Calculations LU4: General Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium LU5: Gravimetric Methods LU6: Acid-Base Equilibria LU7: Acid-base titrations LU8: Analytical Separations Course Assessment Laboratory reports (15%) ï‚â€" Assignments (15%) ï‚â€" MidTerm Examination (30%) ï‚â€" Final Examination (40%) ï‚â€" 3 References 1. Christian, G.D. (2003)Read MoreBiodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida4958 Words   |  20 PagesStrain 5.3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5.4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5.5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil 5.6 Biodegradation Studies 5.7 Gravimetric Analysis 6. Results 6.1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6.2 Gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil spills have become a serious problem with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakageRead MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 Pagesdifferent water quality parameters due to season change, i.e. dry and wet season 4. To assess the heavy metal contamination of the sediment of the Turag River 5. To analyze the Sediment quality of the river bed 6. Comparison of the data analysis according to different national and international standards If the sources of major waste disposal outlets into the Turag River can be taken care of, it is firmly expected that the river can get relieve from pollution to a great extent. So, it

Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth Free Essays

Macbeth, written by English playwright William Shakespeare, is a fictional play set during a deep Christian era, which focuses heavily on the life of Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. Consistently throughout the play, a number of critical issues and themes are explored and reiterated with the clever use of language techniques and setting. On analysis of the patterns these themes and issues present, the responder is able to recognise a number of insights into the complex structure of human life and emotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, through investigation of Shakespeare’s time and audience, we can further understand the context of these insights and how they relate to present day. Ambition is essentially a positive human emotion, however it maintains the ability to manipulate personal decision and influence cause of action. Throughout the play, the power and control of ambition is notably the most crucial element in the development of the plot, and provides a fundamental insight into the manner human emotions operate. To begin Macbeth is initially portrayed as a noble and decent character before meeting the three witches. He is considered loyal to his king and is highly respected amongst his soldiers, â€Å"For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—†. Shakespeare characterises this dignified Macbeth through the use of powerful emotive language such as â€Å"worthy gentle men† and â€Å"valiant cousin†. However, upon meeting the witches and hearing the utterance of their prophecy â€Å"All hail king thereafter†, ambition begins to consume him, initiating his mental downfall. Shakespeare emphasises the effect of ambition over Macbeth when he contrasts the once heroic character as â€Å"deceitful, false, avaricious and malicious†. Not only to we see the controlling effect of ambition on Macbeth, but rather it is his wife who begins wild dreams of limitless control as ambition reveals a darker side of human nature. Lady Macbeth, constricted by this dark desire for power, aggressively persuades Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. We see Macbeth use ambition as a justification to himself when he declares â€Å"Vaulting ambition, which o’er leaps itself and falls on the other â€Å". Shakespeare’s inclusion of the term â€Å"vaulting ambition† demonstrates and emphasises the influence ambition can dictate over human action. Such wild ambition is presented in Macbeth’s soliloquy and metaphor â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow†, which implies its inevitable and detrimental nature. Macbeth allows the responder to identify the manipulative nature and control ambition can hold over human emotion. It is through Shakespeare’s clever characterisation and use of language techniques that we can analyse the natural process of human emotion and how ambition can act as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. As such, we establish a key insight into the impact of ambition on human emotion and the destructive and unethical behaviour that can result. In Macbeth, the Elizabethan world view and perception of natural order greatly influences the complex mechanics of the play. Shakespeare writes in a time where God’s order was assigned to all aspects of life, from kings to nobles, husband to wife, and men to women. If the natural order was altered, God would become displeased and society and nature would distort until order was inevitably returned to its natural state. The subversion of nature is presented consistently throughout Macbeth; in the tyranny and vicious nature of Macbeth, and also in the ambiguous and abnormal gender profile demonstrated by Lady Macbeth. The corruption of the natural order in Scotland commences upon Macbeth’s act of regicide and unjust ascension to kingship. Shakespeare effectively communicates the impact of such unnatural events through the use of powerful natural imagery. Subsequent to Macbeth’s murder of Duncan, Dunsinane is engulfed in a violent weather of storms and ferocious winds. Lenox describes the evening as, â€Å"The night has been unruly. Where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down and, as they say, Lamentings heard i’ th’ air† This use of symbolic imagery portrays how Scotland has been overwhelmed by sin. Lady Macbeth further provokes the unsettling of natural order when she begins to plot against the King. At this time, we see her gender ambiguity provoked when she exclaims â€Å"unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty†. Macbeth become more passive as she begins to assume a more masculine role, and therefore, is subverting the Elizabeth natural order by denying her femininity. In the Elizabethan era, such an unstable and disturbed world was toxic. Inevitably we see the death of Macbeth and his wife as they succumb to the consequence of their actions. Order is finally restored to the land following Malcolm’s proper ascension to the throne, highlighting the significance of correct order and hierarchy to the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s crucial involvement of natural order and God’s will is a powerful inclusion in the play. Through the use of powerful imagery and contrast, Shakespeare allows us to develop an insight into the importance of maintaining correct social order and the consequences of challenging it. In Macbeth, a number of key characters make decisions that result in harsh consequences. Shakespeare allows us to identify the connection between sinful actions and the subsequent guilt and consequence. Within the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both totally consumed by guilt. Upon committing regicide, Shakespeare highlights the overriding guilt of their actions through the use of symbolic imagery. The image of blood is consistently repeated throughout the play and symbolises the unrelenting guilt staining the couple â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? † This is further demonstrated in Act 5 Scene 1, where Lady Macbeth’s mental depreciation and thriving guilt is highlighted when she is presented with the illusion of bloodstained hands as she sleep walks in the night, â€Å"all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Shakespeare also utilises setting well in many of the scenes to represent the evil pervading within the play and around the couple. Images of darkness and night help create this evil setting for the sin committed by Macbeth and his wife, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires†. Macbeth allows us to establish an understanding of the consequences of a person’s action and the subsequent guilt that follows. Accordingly, we are provided with an insight into the role of choices in human emotion and how a regrettable decision can bring with it not only cruel consequence, but unforgiving guilt. Shakespeare’s Macbeth explores several critical issues pertaining to the process of human life and society. Macbeth reflects on human attitudes and reinforces the challenges of human behaviour. The play reiterates the consequences that are linked to sinful action and the guilt that follows, the importance of order and structure in society, and the impact of ambition as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. These issues provide us with key insights into the complex mechanics and structure of human emotion and society, enhancing our understanding of the play as a whole. How to cite Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Papers

Ectodermal Dysplasia Essay Example For Students

Ectodermal Dysplasia Essay In 1875, Charles Darwin found a new disorder that appeared in each generation of a family, affecting some of the male members and not others. This condition was more prominent in very young people. Darwin also found that the daughters were never affected although they could transmit the disease to their sons, although no males have ever transmitted the disease to their sons. Darwin started the research that led to the discovery of the gene for anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA).10In the early 1970’s, the EDA gene became one of the first gene linked to the X chromosome. An international team of scientists, led by Dr. Juha Kere of the University of Helsinki and Dr. Anand Srivastave from the University of Washington in St. Louis identified the location and the structure of the gene that causes the EDA disorder. The National Institute of Health, the National Institute of Dental Research, and the National Center for Human Genome Research helped sponsor this work at the National Institutes of Health. Scientists provided a molecular marker to identify female carriers of the disorder, and are a step closer to developing the therapeutic interventions to prevent or alleviate symptoms in affected individuals.2Still, very little is known about what occurs at the molecular level to produce the features of EDA. â€Å"Dysplasia† refers to the abnormal development of the tissues, skin, hair, sweat glands, nails, and teeth. The term â€Å"anhidrotic† refers to the underdevelopment or absence of sweat glands. This could be life threatening due to the fact that it prevents the body from cooling itself down during things like fevers or hot days. Of more than 150 different types of ectodermal dysplasia, mutations in the X chromosome account for about half of the cases. The â€Å"X linked† form of ectodermal dysplasia is associated with male children. Males have only a single X chromosome inherited from the mother, along with a Y chromosome from the father. So, males don’t have another X chromosome to cover up the infected genes. Women on the other hand, have two X chromosomes and are more likely to not show any symptoms of the abnormal gene. Two female patients with all the symptoms of X-linked EDA led Dr. Kere, Dr. Srivastave, and other colleagues to the discovery of this gene. Earlier work by Jonathan Zonana, identified an unusual chromosomal rearrangement in one of the girls. The X chromosome had been sheared in two, with one piece sticking to the end of chromosome 9 and the remainder forming a truncated X. A similar X translocation was identified by other investigators in the second girl. Although the break points occurred in slightly different locations, both destroyed the function of the EDA gene. This indicated that the breaks occurred within the region of the chromosome that contains the gene. In other disorders where X translocations have been identified as the cause, the normal X chromosome is inactivated, leaving no functional copy of the gene. The disorder is the same as it would be in males.7Several different studies following the inheritance pattern of the known genetic markers on the X chromosome have narr owed the position of the gene to a region called the â€Å"Xq12-q13.1† Once this region had been identified, the DNA sequences of genes needed to be studied.2In one of the studies, scientists identified a gene in the region of the X chromosome that contained the molecular code to produce a 135-amino acid protein. This protein has a structure compatible with a transmembrane molecule, a protein that is part of the cell membrane. The protein was detected in fetal tissues and certain types of adult skin cells that are consistent with the pathology of EDA. The function of this protein still remains unknown.2Before a fetus is large enough to be seen, a thin layer of cells covers the outside of the body. This layer of cells is known as the ectoderm. From this layer, skin, hair, nails, teeth nerve cells, sweat glands, parts of the eye, and parts of the ear are developed. Each of these things is then known as a ectodermal structure. There are many disorders that include one of these s tructures, and are not properly called ED. A combination of defects involving more than one of these structures, should be called ED. There are many different symptoms for ED and each combination of one or more symptoms are classified in its own category. The skin is lightly pigments and appears thin, and the surface of blood vessels may be visible. The skin around the eyes is wrinkled and the skin of the palms and soles of the feet may be thick. Some other symptoms for ED may include:Poorly functioning mucous membranesOther abnormalities of the ectodermFlat or depressed bridge of the noseMost individuals affected by ED cannot perspire. The sweat glands are absent, reduced in number, or may not function normally This complication causes high fevers which may, in the presence of illness, cause significant brain damage or death. The body isn’t able to regulate it’s temperature. Often the first clue that sweat glands are absent or are not functioning normally is an elevat ed temperature. Elevations in body temperature are often caused by high environmental temperatures, excessive activity, or heavy clothing. When the body temperature is elevated, the skin feels dry, hot and may be flushed or pale. Air conditioning in the home, school and work place is a necessity. Most people with ED have missing or no teeth. Dental treatment is ongoing, beginning with dentures as early as age two and perhaps dental implants thereafter. Teeth that are present are spaced out, tapered, and sometimes malformed. In some cases, the enamel (outer layer of skin) is defective and there may be a number of cavities. When teeth are missing, the jawbones that they are usually embedded to, don’t develop well. This usually leads to a typical aged appearance in the face. Counseling process1 EssayGene therapy is a new medical procedure that complements faulty a gene with a healthy or working gene. Gene therapy is working for the people that have tried it, but is still not widely available. Propose Treatments That Should Be InvestigatedNot much is currently known about what causes all the problems at the molecular level, but I would suggest that this be researched primarily. Treatments for the gradual destruction of the cornea of the eye and the possibility of potential blindness should be researched. Research could lead to medical treatment for this particular symptom, which is a devastating manifestation of the disease. Expression of the bone and tooth formation should also be further studied to know what happens to this particular gene when affected by ED and why it can’t function properly. There is a lot of research being done on ED currently. Finding the exact genes that are affected would assist scientists and researchers in finding a cure for ED. Bibliography:

Lucy Stowes Journey Essays - Villette, Bretton, Lucy, The Lucy Poems

Lucy Stowe's Journey When Lucy Stowe boards a ship to travel to Villette, she is asked Are you fond of a sea-voyage by (the yet to be known) Ms. Fanshaw. Since this was Lucy's first trip abroad, she answers that her fondness is yet to be experienced. Nonetheless, Lucy's partiality for the sea is evident throughout the novel. She illustrates her past with a myriad of nautical metaphors and imageries of water that suggests a spiritual connection to the sea. This connection appears to derive from water being the main form of traveling during the 19th Century; and travel through life's experiences is what we do. Life is heeded as a journey, so Lucy therefore, is a vessel that endures the tumultuous waters of life's social stigmas and the stresses of familial relationships, or the calm waters of life's pleasures. Lucy uses the metaphor of sea travel to demonstrate her familial relationship with Mrs. Bretton; as comparison between a traditional matriarch, and a modern independent lady. She says, The difference between her and me might be figured by that between the stately ship, cruising safe of smooth seas, with it's full complement of crew, a captain gay and brave. She refers to Ms. Bretton's allegorically as a person of means. She has a full crew that supports her needs and a captain to guide her; respectfully these terms could allude to the acceptance and support within the social or familial structure as a widow of a wealthy, respected man. The captain could be an allusion to her son, who even in the adverse circumstances after the loss of their fortune still had him to support her comfortably enough. Lucy goes further to say, the Luisa Bretton never was out of harbor on such a night; her crew could not conceive it. This further signifies that as one ship relates to another, Mrs. Bretton was a woman supported by her social and familial status, and real hardship is unknown to her. Lucy, otherwise, knows the misfortune from which Mrs. Bretton had protection. She symbolizes her own person as a rugged lifeboat thus she lacks a crew and a captain. If the world was a vast sea and life was a sea journey, this symbolism would capture all that Lucy Stowe is within it: a small, agile, neglected, solitary individual with a hardened exterior, a brave spirit, as self-sufficient will and a buoyant heart. Lucy is essentially a survivor of life's adventures. Although she is a tough lifeboat in one allegorical reference, in a form of a dream, Lucy becomes an inhabitant of the sea, perhaps the mermaid that she envisions in the mirror's reflection. She describes her surroundings as somehow like a cave in a sea. The cave beneath miles of water serves as a sanctuary from the storm above, much like the room within the home of Dr. John where she recovers from her near death illness. It is the shelter provided by a benefactor, the same advantage that Mrs. Bretton has always known. However, Lucy Stowe was never meant to live the fashion normally provided to women and girls of that time. She, as she describes, I somehow must have fallen over-board and the crew as her destined benefactors perished in the storm. Whether Lucy takes the form of a passenger, a mermaid or the sea vessel itself, she portrays all of her senses and her life experiences with symbols and metaphors relating to the sea. Mrs. Bretton is referred to as a vessel that Lucy passes through her own life journey. The same holds true for Ms. Beck when she says that she moves like a ship dreading breakers (407). The sea and its uncertain placidness or volatility is analogous to Lucy's view of the world. She is either safe from the fiercest breakers in the home of Dr. John, or is exposed to the uncertain, stormy dangers of independence which brings briny waves in her throat, or her romantic contentedness is a sea breaking into song with all its waves.

Essay Sample on Deforestation Why Should We Be Concerned

Essay Sample on Deforestation Why Should We Be Concerned The tropical rainforests are falling at human hands. The world’s oldest living ecosystem is under threat in our conquest for farmland, timber, minerals, and other resources (Grainger 17). These forests cover 2% of the Earth’s surface, or 6% of its landmass, yet they house over half the plant and animal species on Earth (â€Å"Rainforests†). Rainforests originally covered twice that area. Deforestation is occurring on such a scale that if it were to continue â€Å"at present rates the forests could disappear within the next one to two hundred years† (Grainger 17). Why should we be concerned? Deforestation poses a threat to the rich biological diversity of tropical rainforests, hinders the advancement of medicinal discoveries, and contributes largely to the greenhouse effect. Because if the forests go, then so will many of the species that they support. This greatly reduces the biological diversity of the whole planet. Secondly, deforestation curtails â€Å"our future options to exploit other plants for medicines,† (Grainger 17). Finally, it will contribute to the impending global climate change through the greenhouse effect (Grainger 18). For these reasons it is imperative to control deforestation so that a large area of tropical rainforest will remain. Tropical rainforests are defined by two primary factors: location (in the tropics) and amount of rainfall they receive (â€Å"Rainforests†). Rainforests receive from 4 to 8 meters of rain a year (â€Å"Rainforests†). Most of the rainfall is blocked by the heavy vegetation, and water reaches the forest floor by rolling down branches and trunks. Another distinctive characteristic is that the rainforests have no â€Å"seasonality†- no dry or cold season of slower growth (â€Å"Rainforests†). In addition, they are the Earth’s oldest living ecosystems. The Rainforests are a â€Å"priceless part of our natural heritage† and their removal through deforestation would mean the loss of one of the planet’s most valuable ecosystems (Grainger 146). Rainforests are being destroyed at an astounding rate. According to the National Academy of Science, at least 50 million acres a year are lost, â€Å"an area the size of England, Wales, and Scotland combined,† (â€Å"Rainforests†). â€Å"All the primary rainforests in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Haiti have been destroyed already† (â€Å"Rainforests†). In addition, the rainforests of the Ivory Coast have almost been completely logged. Areas such as the Philippines and Thailand lost over 50% of their rainforests by 1985 (â€Å"Rainforests†). These statistics prove that there is no more powerful reason for wanting to preserve the tropical rainforests. Biological diversity, often shortened to â€Å"biodiversity,† has three main components: ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. So the biodiversity of a given area is characterized by the presence of different kinds of ecosystems; its species diversity; and its contribution to the genetic diversity of particular species (Grainger 147). According to the National Academy of Sciences, a typical four square mile patch of rainforest contains as many as 1500 species of flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 125 mammal species, 400 species of birds, 100 of reptiles, 60 of amphibians, and 150 species of butterflies (â€Å"Rainforests†). In particular, deforestation threatens to reduce these numbers of species, degrade the genetic diversity of individual species, and hinder the survival rate of species already exploited in their wild form in the forests. Major consequences arise for plant and animal species as a result of deforestation. All forms of disturbance displace animals from part or all of their territories. The more extensive the disturbance, the more likely animals in an area will become overcrowded and their populations will decline due to social pressures, limitations on food, and impaired reproductive activity (Grainger 150). Even by just removing a few plants, the complex annual calendars of food sources could be disrupted. These annual food source schedules enable many rainforest animals, like the orangutan, to cope with the â€Å"low density and irregular flowering and fruiting regimes of the plants they eat† (Grainger 150). Moreover, other plants may be affected â€Å"if animals on which they rely for pollination or dispersal leave to search for food elsewhere† (150). Furthermore, genetic diversity of individual species is also being degraded. This is a concern to plant breeders because several of these species are commercially valuable crops (Grainger 147). Their degradation will â€Å"threaten our ability to continue breeding new varieties to keep ahead of pests and diseases that threaten products.† Several key economic crops that originate in the humid tropics and still grow there today are brazil nut, cashew nut, cocoa, passion fruit, pineapple, rubber, papaya, bamboo, banana, ginger, rice and yam (Grainger 152). Crops that grow on the outskirts of the forests have been bred from wild plants to give the best yields under particular environmental conditions. Extracts from the wild plants have been taken in order to make use of specific genetic characteristics from the entire population. â€Å"It is vital to retain a wide genetic diversity of wild plants so that plant breeders can counter threats to crop productivity caused by new pests and diseases and changing climate.† For example, in the Amazon huge sums of money are spent in breeding new groundnut varieties resistant to diseases such as leafspot (Caufield). Also, some high yielding rice varieties last only two years before being attacked by a new insect pest and needing replacement (Grainger 152). Deforestation is increasing the rate of species extinction so that the plants we are using will disappear along with many animals also. â€Å"Extinction is an irreversible change and once a species is gone it is lost for good† (Grainger 150). It occurs naturally at a rate of about one species every two years (150). Species are put at much risk early on when their numbers drop so low that they could be eliminated by drought, disease or other random events. There are many endangered species found in the tropical rainforests that risk extinction if the present conditions continue. Some examples are the koupray or wild cow of Southeast Asia, of which only 100 individuals remain, the broad-nosed lemur from Madagascar, which is down to just two colonies, and the southern bearded saki, a monkey living in the forests of the northeast Amazonia (150). Many medical advances have come from the abundant botanical resources of the tropical rainforests. Half of the Earth’s plant species live there and only 1% have been thoroughly examined for medicinal potentials (â€Å"Rainforests†). Extracts from organisms are used directly as drugs for many maladies ranging from headaches to lethal diseases such as malaria. An aid in the cure of malaria, quinine, is an alkaloid extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree found in Latin America and Africa (â€Å"Rainforests†). Also, the alkaloid d-turbocuarine found in the â€Å"deadly poisonous bark of curare lianas is used to treat diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and other muscular disorders.† Lastly, two important anti-tumor agents are found in periwinkle from Madagascar. â€Å"One provides for a 99% chance of remission in cases of lymphatic leukemia. The other offers a life remission in 58% of Hodgkin’s Disease sufferers.† In addition, chemical structures from organisms serve as templates for which scientists can chemically synthesize drug compounds. Approximately 7,000 medical compounds prescribed by Western doctors are derived from plants that reside in the rainforests (â€Å"Rainforests†). The blueprint for aspirin is found in extracts from willow trees in the rainforest for example. And ninety percent of prescription drugs that are based on higher plants from the rainforest include direct extractions from those plants (â€Å"Rainforests†). Finally, the plants of the rainforest provide aids for research. Some plants provide testing agents for potentially harmful food or drug products while other plant compounds allow scientists to understand how cancer cells grow (â€Å"Rainforests†). Also, tropical forests â€Å"offer hope to safer contraceptives.† â€Å"Approximately 4,000 plant species have been shown to offer contraceptive possibilities.† This is a notable fact since the exponential growth of the world’s population is in need of more effective birth control methods. Deforestation also contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The greenhouse effect describes how Earth’s atmosphere functions. To begin, the sun emits short wave radiation through the atmosphere to the Earth. In return, the Earth radiates some of the sun’s energy back into the atmosphere in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. Certain trace gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide retain heat by trapping some of the infrared radiation. Without these â€Å"greenhouse gases† the Earth would be 33C cooler than it is now (â€Å"Rainforests†). Clearing and burning rainforests releases considerable amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. â€Å"Each year, deforestation contributes 23-30 percent of all carbon dioxide in the atmosphere† (â€Å"Rainforests†). Deforestation is also responsible for destroying our means of absorbing and storing the substance. This leads to global warming be cause the Earth has lost one of its only ways to absorb excess atmospheric carbon. Through photosynthesis the rainforests absorb the carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Yet, with deforestation there is â€Å"more and more carbon released into the atmosphere† due to the burning of the plants, and â€Å"less and less forests to remove the carbon from the atmosphere† (â€Å"Rainforests†). Rapid warming of the atmosphere can have tremendous consequences. First, many species will not be able to survive the climate change or may not be able to continue life in another habitat. Secondly, the sea level will rise approximately 1.5 meters which will cause coastal flooding (â€Å"Rainforests†). Also, an impact can occur on agriculture in food exporting nations such as the United States, Canada and France as a result of drought and drier soil conditions (â€Å"Rainforests†). And lastly, there will be increases in severe storms such as hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons (â€Å"Rainforests†). Tropical deforestation has many significant environmental impacts. It threatens the biodiversity of our planet, deters medicinal discoveries plant species may offer and contributes to potential global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect. In conclusion, conservation of the tropical rainforests is imperative in order to preserve one of the Earth’s oldest, most rich and valuable ecosystems. 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Sales promotion campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales promotion campaign - Essay Example The main target demographic is comprised primarily of upwardly mobile middle class white collar workers interested in maintaining a certain status of success who typically already have well-defined ideas of what types of drinks are appropriate for their position in life. According to Hugh Archibald, chairman of the National Association of Cider Makers, â€Å"drinkers in England have a deep-rooted perception of cider as a rustic ‘alternative’ drink† (cited in C&C, n.d.). Recognizing value in a product is a quality most Britons pride themselves on, particularly in the larger cities among the prime demographic group. Among these consumers, image is important in helping to develop this perception of quality. â€Å"UK consumers know about quality, they have an expert knowledge of organic products and what is good for them. They understand that quality is important† (Vyse, 2005). If Magners can position itself as a product that offers higher quality and therefore greater value for the money spent, it can repeat its Ireland success throughout Great Britain as well. It will be the objective of this campaign to boost sales of Magners Cider in Great Britain to reflect a closer relationship to the 24% market share currently enjoyed i n Scotland. To bring attention to the organic nature of Magners Cider while still emphasizing a modern appeal, a sales campaign that focuses on addressing modern issues and technologies should be utilized. To bring the focus of the consumer onto the apples used in the production process, Magners can print up specialized packaging that includes a special apple icon denoting a percentage of the sales price will be donated to a children’s charity group. For those consumers who purchase their cider primarily at the pubs, specialized apple promotional materials can be created that can identify those pubs